Journal articles: 'Wire Workers Section' – Grafiati (2024)

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Printing is one of the activities that have job risks for its workers. One of the risks of works in printing is the presence of physical environment factors. This study aims to determine the noise level with different types of machines in the printing lab at Politeknik Negeri Media Kreatif, Jakarta. The study design used in this research is descriptively obtained through direct measurements using Sound Level Meters in digital printing work areas, Computer to Print machines (pre-press), 4 color sakura brand printing machines (press), and production machines in the post-press machine that is a folding, cutting machine, wire sewing machine, binding machine, and press machine. Obtained an average of different noise levels each section under 85 dBA tolerated by law.

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The thermo-mechanical behaviour of pseudoelastic shape memory alloy helical springs is of concern discussing stabilised and cyclic responses. Constitutive description of the shape memory alloy is based on the framework developed by Lagoudas and co-workers incorporating two modifications related to hardening and sub-loop functions designated by Bézier curves. The spring model takes into account both bending and torsion of the spring wire, thus representing geometrical non-linearities. Simplified models are explored showing that a single point in the wire cross section is enough to represent the global spring behaviour in spite of complex stress–strain distributions. The experiments are carried out considering different deflection amplitudes, frequencies and ambient temperatures, which influence the spring behaviour to different extents. The model is fitted against a calibration data set resulting in 1.3% residual standard deviation relative to the full range force. Compared to the validation data set, the errors are below 10% relative to the full range of the complex modulus. Uncertainty analysis of the model parameters using a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique shows low to high parameter correlation, and the relative uncertainties are less than ±12%. Both the heat capacity and the convection coefficient are clearly identifiable from the performed experiments.

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The application of different mechanical extraction ventilation systems in reducing and controlling dust concentrations in weaned and finishing pig houses was analyzed and discussed in this work. Dust concentrations and airflow velocities have been measured at 20 measuring points, smoothly positioned over the house cross section, in the net consisting of 4 horizontal and 5 vertical rows. The lowest horizontal row was positioned at the pigs breathing zone (40 cm above the floor), and the highest (fourth) horizontal row was positioned at the workers breathing zone (160 cm). Control values were measured in houses with closed doors and windows and all the fans switched off. These values were compared with three experimental sets of values achieved with: floor, roof and both ventilation systems. Dust concentrations were measured by konimeter (Konimeter 10, Karl Zeiss Jena), airflow velocity in ventilation ducts with a turbine anemometer and the airflow velocity at measuring points with hot wire anemometer. In the finishing house significant decrement of inhalable (F = 44.35, P << 0.01) and respirable (F = 43.82, P << 0.01) dust concentration was achieved in the third experimental treatment. In the weaned piglets house, significant decrement of inhalable (F = 49.43, P << 0.01) and respirable (F = 42.69, P << 0.01) dust concentration was achieved with floor ventilation.

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In this study the lung function status of women workers in seafood industry in India (especially in Tuticorin district) were examined. One hundred and five women workers were randomly selected from five seafood-processing units were from peeling, grading and setting sections. Lung function was measured by recording the flow/volume, Slow Vital Capacity (SVC) and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) curves on which different static and dynamic parameters were read. The work timings were greatly dependent on the demand for the seafood during the peak season from June to March. Both the static and dynamic values were found to be lower for those with longer period of work experience. Section wise analysis indicated that workers in fish grading section had lower level of static and dynamic parameters. Seventy three percent of women workers had moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Total Immunoglobulin E (total IgE) and static and dynamic parameters indicated that the dynamic parameters such as FEV1 and PEF were significantly associated with different levels of total IgE (total immunoglobulin E) and the same trend was observed in static parameters of FVC.

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Autism spectrum disorder encompasses a wide range of neurodevelopment disabilities which affect children and their families across all sections of the society both in rural and urban settings. The prevalence of autism is rising irrespective of the socioeconomic background of the children. Hence every health worker has to be aware of ways to suspect and diagnose this condition and decide the appropriate treatment. Earliest intervention in autism spectrum disorder gives better results due to neuroplasticity. This article is targeted to help Medical officers, auxiliary nurse midwifes, anganwadi workers and other peripheral health workers by providing information on basics of ASD, normal speech development, simple ways for diagnosis and treatment for the same.

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American labor law was designed to ensure equal bargaining power between workers and employers. But workers’ collective power against increasingly dominant employers has disintegrated. With union density at an abysmal 6.2 percent in the private sector—a level unequaled since the Great Depression— the vast majority of workers depend only on individual negotiations with employers to lift stagnant wages and ensure upward economic mobility. But decentralized, individual bargaining is not enough. Economists and legal scholars increasingly agree that, absent regulation to protect workers’ collective rights, labor markets naturally strengthen employers’ bargaining power over workers. Existing labor and antitrust law have failed to step in, leaving employers free to coordinate and consolidate labor-market power while constraining workers’ ability to do the same. The dissolution of workers’ collective rights has resulted in spiking income inequality: workers have suffered economy-wide wage stagnation and a declining share of the national income for decades. To resolve this crisis, some scholars have advocated for ambitious labor law reforms, like sector-wide bargaining, while others have turned to antitrust law to tackle employer power. While these proposals are vital, they overlook an existing opportunity already contained in the labor law that would avoid the political and doctrinal obstacles to such large-scale reforms. This Article argues for a “structural” approach to the labor law that revives and modernizes its equal bargaining power purpose through deploying innovative social scientific analysis. A “structural” approach is one that takes into account workers’ bargaining power relative to employers in determining the scope of substantive labor rights and in resolving disputes. Because employers’ current buyer power strengthens their ability to indefinitely hold out on worker demands in the employment bargain, the “structural” approach seeks to deploy social scientific tools to tailor the labor law’s provisions so that they resituate workers to a bargaining position from which they could equally hold out. This Article makes three key contributions. First, it documents the dispersion and misalignment of workers’ collective rights under current labor law, detailing the historical narrowing of workers’ collective rights to limited tactics by a small set of workers against highly protected individual enterprises and the concomitant rise of employer power (Part I). Second, it introduces and schematizes the wealth of social scientific literature relevant for evaluating the relative bargaining power of employers and employees (Part II). And finally, it offers concrete proposals for how to apply these social scientific tools and insights to three areas of the National Labor Relation Board’s adjudication and regulatory authority: the determination of “employer”/”employee” status, the determination of employees’ substantive rights under section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), and the determination of what counts as sanctionable unfair labor practices under section 8 of the NLRA (Part III).

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Inclusive education in Ghana is in its infancy. Due to the wide array of challenges that may be encountered in the effort to implement inclusive education, programs are needed that involve a cross-section of professionals including social workers. In this study, in-depth face-to-face interviews were used to collect data from 15 educators and social workers about the challenges associated with inclusive education for children with intellectual disability (ID) in Ghana and the implications that these challenges have for social work practice in the education system. Some key roles that social workers can play in inclusive education in Ghana include intensifying public awareness to curb misconceptions about IDs, and serving as liaisons between the school, home, and community. A system is needed that fosters effective collaboration between educators and social workers to enhance educational outcomes for children with ID in inclusive school settings in Ghana.

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Our co-worker, Hishinuma et. al. has established a new route Powder-In-Tube (PIT) process using a high Ga content Cu-Ga compound in order to improve the superconducting property of the V3Ga compound wire. In this study, we investigated microstructure of this high Ga content Cu-Ga/V composite superconducting wire. The different contrasts of matrix, V-Ga phase and Cu-Ga core were observed by SEM observation in cross section of 19 multifilamentary wire. And V-Ga phase was confirmed by SEM mapping. The area fraction of V-Ga phase increased when Ga content increased from 30% to 50%. Thin film sample with V-Ga phase for TEM was fabricated by FIB and observed by TEM in detail. Selected area diffraction pattern was obtained for V matrix, V-Ga phase and Cu-Ga core. The ratio of V to Ga for V-Ga phase was probably V3Ga according to the EDS result. There was a linear interface between V matrix and V-Ga phase, while the interface between Cu-Ga core and V-Ga phase was not linear. On the other hand, there were some granular grains observed in V-Ga phase wear Cu-Ga core.

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Our co-worker, Hishinuma et. al. has established a new route Powder-In-Tube (PIT) process using a high Ga content Cu-Ga compound in order to improve the superconducting property of the V3Ga compound wire. In this study, we investigated microstructure of this high Ga content Cu-Ga/V composite superconducting wire. The different contrasts of matrix, V-Ga phase and Cu-Ga core were observed by SEM observation in cross section of 19 multifilamentary wire. And V-Ga phase was confirmed by SEM mapping. The area fraction of V-Ga phase increased when Ga content increased from 30% to 50%. Thin film sample with V-Ga phase for TEM was fabricated by FIB and observed by TEM in detail. Selected area diffraction pattern was obtained for V matrix, V-Ga phase and Cu-Ga core. The ratio of V to Ga for V-Ga phase was probably V3Ga according to the EDS result. There was a linear interface between V matrix and V-Ga phase, while the interface between Cu-Ga core and V-Ga phase was not linear. On the other hand, there were some granular grains observed in V-Ga phase wear Cu-Ga core.

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One of the main goals of employment equity programmes is to increase the occupational mobility of women so that they may enter non traditional jobs. Although on-the-job training has always been considered a major tool for increasing occupational mobility, it has received very little consideration in employment equity programmes. This article identifies the major aspects of women's participation in on-the-job training programmes and proposes ways to bridge the gap between these programmes and employment equity. The first section of the article examines the current situation of women in the labour market. According to the most recent statistics, occupational segregation as well as the wage gap between males and females are still quite significant. Studies of employment equity programmes show that progress has, in general, been slow. Among the reasons given for these results are a lack of integration of employment equity programmes and employers' human resource management strategies, particularly as regards on-the-job training. In the second section we examine data depicting different aspects of women workers' participation in on-the-job training. The data originate from a wide variety of sources and show that women are disadvantaged relative to men along several dimensions, including: participation rates; duration and intensity of training; and financing. Explanations for these discrepancies are discussed in the following two sections which deal respectively with access to and outcomes of on-the-job training for women workers. An initial factor that may explain the lower participation rate of women is the fact that employers tend to offer on-the-job training to workers in qualified jobs. In this context, women's jobs are usually considered as less qualified and studies show that there is an under-investment in human capital in jobs such as clerical work where women are concentrated. Another factor that comes into play is the relation between on-the-job training and an employee's real or anticipated stability in the enterprise. Although women's periods of absence from the labour market for family reasons are much shorter now than before, they are still perceived as less attached to their jobs. It has been shown, for instance, that women with young children are less likely to be offered training by their employers. Another characteristic of women's jobs that negatively affects their participation in training is the fact that they are over-represented in areas of marginal employment such as part-time work. Employers tend to offer less training to these employees because they are considered less motivated and less productive. Finally, the positive relation that has been shown to exist between size of firm and the incidence of training may equally have an adverse impact since women are over-represented in small and mediumsized firms. Even if employers modify their practices in order to give women access to training for non-traditional jobs, some barriers can still limit positive outcomes. These barriers may exist during or after training. For instance, for reasons arising from education or the traditional nature of their job experience, women are less familiar with basic technical skills. Studies have shown that the chances of women remaining in and successfully completing these programmes are improved if, prior to training, they receive some technical or scientific instruction in areas such as refresher mathematics or technical vocabulary. Positive attitudes and awareness on the part of trainers are also important factors in avoiding discouragement and withdrawal from the programme by women workers. Finally, once training is over, occupational mobility may not necessarily follow for various reasons such as bias of supervisors against women entrants in non traditional jobs or a lack of seniority. The analysis presented in this article proposes a comprehensive framework for studying women's participation in on-the-job training programmes. One of the main features of the analysis is to demonstrate the interactions between a large number of variables. The next step is to improve our knowledge of this situation through use of a more comprehensive statistical data base, and through case studies. Given the fact that hiring has considerably slowed down for cyclical as well as structural reasons, promotions into non-traditional jobs will probably become the main avenue for employment equity, hence the importance of on-the-job training for women workers.

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In an attempt to distill what we know about the effects of workplace mindfulness-based training, Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) cast a wide net with regard to the array of studies included in their review. For example, they include studies that investigate the benefits associated with workplace mindfulness training (e.g., Wolever et al., 2012) as well as training conducted for patients within primary care settings (e.g., Allen, Bromley, Kuyken, & Sonnenberg, 2009). In addition, their review includes studies based on self-reports of individual differences in mindfulness traits/skills (e.g., Hafenbrack, Kinias, & Barsade, 2014). Reviewing a broad cross-section of research is helpful to illustrate the wide-ranging nature of mindfulness research but also has the potential to obfuscate what we know about mindfulness as it pertains to workers and workplaces.

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This special issue of “Robotica” gives an opportunity to present a cross-section of the wide range of research and development projects in rehabilitation robotics. Rehabilitation Robotics (RR) is the application of robotic technology to the rehabilitative needs of people with disabilities as well as the growing elderly population. The papers were originally presented at the ICORR'97 conference, organised by the Bath Institute of Medical Engineering and held in April 97 at the University of Bath. ICORR'97 was the fifth in the series of International Conferences on Rehabilitation Robotics and, after a break of three years, was a welcome and overdue time for sharing of ideas between workers in the field.

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Abstract Objectives Healthcare workers often have unnoticed minor abrasions on their hands, putting them at risk of contracting infectious diseases from patients, if the integrity of the medical gloves is compromised. This study aimed to compare the rate and location of glove perforation between well-fitted and ill-fitted gloves. Methods The participants of this cross-sectional study were 45 midwives in the maternity ward of a hospital in Shiraz city, Iran. A total of nine pairs of medical gloves including three pairs of fit size, three pairs of gloves with one size smaller (tight), and three pairs of gloves with one size larger (loose) were given to subjects, and asked them to use the gloves during episiotomy repair operations. After completing the task, all gloves were collected safely and gloves perforation was investigated based on water test (NF EN 455-1). Results The perforation rate of the fit, tight, and loose medical gloves was 20, 37.78, and 34.81%, respectively. The results showed a significant difference between glove perforation of different glove sizes (P &lt; 0.05). In general, there was a significant difference between the perforation rate of the fit glove and ill-fitted gloves (P = 0.013). Conclusions Wearing the wrong size gloves may increase the glove perforation rate. Providing a wide range of glove sizes by the hospital management, and choosing the best glove size can be very effective in reducing the glove perforation and increasing safety for healthcare workers and patients.

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The paper argues two main points. First, there remain vast untapped potentials for implementing children’s rights within both present and coming generations, and second, that transdisciplinary theorising and local application can create and exploit such new opportunities. The paper begins with a theoretical analysis of the cross-cutting nature of the UNCRC, and its continued civilising impact as part of the globalised ‘rights revolutions’ reported by controversial Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker (2011: 378-481). I then move to a methodological reflection on how the treaty might be applied as a bricoleur in the lived experiences of children, families, caregivers and communities. The final section outlines a case study from the grape and wine industry located within the Niagara Region of Canada that applied these theoretical and methodological resources as a form of critical praxis in the lives of migrant agricultural workers temporarily employed there through the growing season year after year.

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Water and Sanitation is one of the primary drivers of public health. Poor hygiene, inadequate quantities and quality of drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities cause millions of the India’s poorest people to die from preventable diseases each year. The MPTAST has been extending technical assistance to the State Government of Madhya Pradesh to improve their water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) planning, delivery, and monitoring mechanisms, and to accelerate the sanitation coverage through a community-led approach. One of the key components of technical assistance under the WASH program was to provide training to Front Line Workers (FLWs) as they play an important role to assist the communities in raising awareness & motivation. This awareness & motivation of the community members would be created a demand for WASH services to access & leverage govt. support schemes and funds under the Govt. of India flagship program “Swachh Bharat Mission”. The IIHMR on behalf of MPWASH were organized district/block/ cluster/section wise training of FLWs in selected 7 Districts of Eastern Madhya Pradesh and covered around 98% of target. It was expected that WASH training to FLWs will bring lot of positive changes in orientation & motivating the community people at Village level.

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Background: The burden of diabetes mellitus is expected to increase by 58%, from 51 million people in 2010 to 87 million in 2030. In rural India the prevalence rate has increased from 1% to 4-10% over last 20 years. Objective of the study is to know the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults aged between 30 to 60 years residing in rural area.Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was carried out Agasga, the rural field practice area of Dept. of Community Medicine, among 855 adults aged between 30-60 years by using a predesigned & pretested schedule. Statistical analysis was done using percentages and Chi square test.Results: In this study, 67.24% participants were in age group 30-49 years, 32.74% between 50 to 60 years. 48.53% were male and 51.54% were female participants. 79% of the participants were heavy workers, 17.5% were moderate workers and rest 3.5% were sedentary type of workers. 10.9% were illiterate, and rest 91.1% was literates. 69.3% are BPL card holders. The prevalence of diabetes was 9.5%; 10.8% were at risk of getting Diabetes Mellitus. This gender wise difference in diabetes mellitus was not found to be statistically significant (p=0.986).Conclusions: With high degree of heritability, life style factor diabetes could become a major health hazard in India and this underscores the fact that prevention of diabetes must be one of the important health targets for the nation in this century. Early identification of risks will help in prevention and burden of disease.

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The characteristics of GaAs/Ga1-x Alx As superstructure grown by MBE are always noticed. Recently, as well known, cross-sectional trasmission electron microscopy (XTEM) has been used and many workers have observed the superstructure(multilayer heterojunction structure) of GaAs/Ga1-x Alx, As hetero-multilayer. They usually observed a wide fringes with several nanometers or even more in GaAs/GaAlAs multilayer structure.In this work, we have studied a phenomenon which was named"Fine Low Dimensional Modulated Fringes" of GaAs/GaAlAs heteromutilayer structure grown by MBE, using XTEM technique. It is found that the FLDMFs are an equal width and very narrow, the order of Å’s.The GaAs/GaAls layers that are examined were grown on (001) GaAs substrate by MBE. Cross-section TEM specimens with a wafer cleaved along (110) plane were prepared, and thinned by argon ion.A typical structure is given in Fig.l, the image is of superlattice(SL) and Fine Low Dimensional Modulated Fringes area of MBE grown GaAs/GaAlAs heteromutilayer.

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Racial and gender discrimination are risk factors for adverse mental health outcomes in the general population; however, the effects of discrimination on the mental health of healthcare workers needs to be further explored, especially in relation to competing stressors. Thus, we administered a survey to healthcare workers to investigate the associations between perceived racial and gender discrimination and symptoms of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and burnout during a period of substantial stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic and a national racial reckoning. We used multivariable linear regression models, which controlled for demographics and pandemic-related stressors. Of the 997 participants (Mean Age = 38.22 years, SD = 11.77), 688 (69.01%) were White, 148 (14.84%) Asian, 86 (8.63%) Black, 73 (7.32%) Latinx, and 21 (2.11%) identified as another race. In multivariable models, racial discrimination predicted symptoms of depression (B = 0.04; SE: 0.02; p = .009), anxiety (B = 0.05; SE: 0.02; p = .004), and posttraumatic stress (B = 0.01; SE: 0.01; p = .006) and gender discrimination predicted posttraumatic stress (B = 0.11; SE: 0.05; p = .013) and burnout (B = 0.24; SE: 0.07; p = .001). Discrimination had indirect effects on mental health outcomes via inadequate social support. Hospital-wide diversity and inclusion initiatives are warranted to mitigate the adverse mental health effects of discrimination.

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In the present research, the working conditions of workers employed in the production of medicines in the form of tablets and capsules of a modern enterprise of the pharmaceutical industry have been studied. Based on the results of attestation of workplaces and data of industrial laboratory control of the factors of the production environment for the period from 2016 to 2019, a complex of harmful production factors at workplaces was determined and a comprehensive hygienic assessment of the working conditions of a general purpose machine operator of chemical and pharmaceutical preparations, packaging machine operator, stacker-packer and processor of technological containers and tares. It has been established that the labor activity of the leading professional groups of workers in production is associated with the influence of a predominantly chemical factor due to the presence of harmful chemicals in the air of the working area. According to the data obtained, the air of the working area at the workplace of the operator of a wide profile of chemical and pharmaceutical preparations of the tableting and filling of capsules section is contaminated with harmful chemicals (doxycycline, nystatin, lincomycin, rifampicin, tetracycline, etc.), the concentrations of which exceed the maximum permissible. A hygienic assessment of the parameters of the microclimate, noise and tension of the labor process at the studied workplaces established that there are no deviations from hygienic standards and the working conditions according to these factors are permissible. Thus, the data obtained allow us to conclude that the working conditions of the operator of a wide profile of chemical and pharmaceutical preparations belong to class 3.3, the stacker-packer — 3.1, and the working conditions of the operator of filling and packaging machines and the processor of technological containers and tares are assessed as acceptable.

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ObjectivesTo assess the physical strains of employees in the German offshore wind industry, according to job type and phase of the wind farm (under construction or operation).DesignWeb-based cross-sectional survey.SettingOffshore wind farm companies operating within the German exclusive economic zone.ParticipantsMale workers with regular offshore commitments and at least 28 days spent offshore in the past year (n=268).Outcome measuresPhysical strains (eg, climbing, noise, working overhead, with twisted upper body or in confined spaces, vibration, heavy lifting, humidity, odours).ResultsThe most frequently mentioned physical strain was ’climbing’ with 63.8% of the respondents reporting to be always or frequently confronted with climbing and ascending stairs during offshore work. Work as a technician was associated with a greater exposition to noise, vibrations, humidity, cold, heat, chemical substances, lifting/carrying heavy loads, transport of equipment, working in non-ergonomic positions and in cramped spaces, as well as climbing.Indeed, statistical analyses showed that, after adjusting for phase of the wind farm, age, nationality, offshore experience, work schedule and type of shift, compared with non-technicians, working as a technician was associated with more frequently lifting/carrying of heavy loads (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.58 to 4.23), transport of equipment (OR 2.06 95% CI 1.27 to 3.33), working with a twisted upper body (OR 2.85 95% CI 1.74 to 4.69), working overhead (OR 2.77 95% CI 1.67 to 4.58) and climbing (OR 2.30 95% CI 1.40 to 3.77). Working in wind farms under construction was strongly associated with increased and decreased exposure to humidity (OR 2.32 95% CI 1.38 to 3.92) and poor air quality (OR 0.58 95% CI 0.35 to 0.95), respectively.ConclusionsWorkers on offshore wind farms constitute a heterogeneous group, including a wide variety of occupations. The degree of exposure to detrimental physical strains varies depending on the type of job. Technicians are more exposed to ergonomic challenges than other offshore workers.

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Background: Despite the role of one’s hands in human function and quality of life, financial disincentives to perform common hand procedures in patients with government-sponsored insurance plans may lead to longer wait times and decreased access to care. Here, we identify the variations in reimbursem*nt for 4 common hand procedures as a step toward understanding these financial implications to develop safeguards to minimize effects on access to care. Methods: Billing data were collected over a 10-year period for patients undergoing carpal tunnel release (open, Current Procedural Terminology 64721; endoscopic, 29848), cubital tunnel release (64718), ganglion cyst excision (25111), and interposition arthroplasty (25447). Patients were placed into cohorts according to insurance type—private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or worker’s compensation—and these were directly compared. Results: A total of 3489 procedures between 2005 and 2015 were identified in this study (carpal tunnel 65.8%, cubital tunnel 28.7%, ganglion cyst excision 4.1%, and interposition arthroplasty 13.8%). In all, 54.7% of patients had private insurance; 26.3%, Medicare; 10.5%, worker’s compensation; and 8.5%, Medicaid. Reimbursem*nt, as a percentage of charge, differed significantly by payor type for all cases and by procedure. On average, worker’s compensation plans reimbursed 65.5% of submitted charges; private insurance, 50.6%; Medicare, 25.1%; and Medicaid, 24.6%. Conclusions: We found that wide variations in reimbursem*nt for common hand procedures exist and may preclude some surgeons from offering certain procedures to a subset of patients. Understanding these discrepancies is a key first step in minimizing a potential care delivery disparity for this patient population.

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Background According to the World Health Organization, snakebites, a common occupational hazard in developing countries accounts for an annual loss of between 81,000 and 138, 000 lives following 5 million bites of which 2.7 million results in envenomation. Since snakebite-associated morbidity and mortality are more prevalent in agricultural economies such as Ghana, health professionals should be optimally knowledgeable on how to manage the incidence of snakebites. Lack of knowledge or overestimation of a professional's knowledge can affect heath delivery especially for emergencies such as snakebites. The three rurally situated Tongu districts in South-Eastern Ghana with agriculture as the major source of livelihood for their inhabitants, are prone to snakebites. This study, therefore, brings up the need to assess whether the health professionals in these districts are well-equipped knowledge-wise to handle such emergencies and whether they can rightly estimate their knowledge with regards to snakebite management. Methodology/Principal findings Data was collected using a de novo semi-structured questionnaire administered through google form whose link was sent via WhatsApp to 186 health workers made up of nurses, midwives, physician assistants, medical doctors, pharmacists, and pharmacy technicians. This data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25. Association between variables was determined using the appropriate tools where necessary, using a confidence interval of 95% and significance assumed when p ≤ 0.05. This study found male health workers significantly more knowledgeable about snakebite management (11.53±5.67 vs 9.64±5.46; p = 0.022) but it was the females who overestimated their knowledge level (27.9% vs 24.1%). The medical doctors exhibited the best knowledge on snakebite management with the registered general nurses least knowledgeable. Although most professionals overestimated their knowledge, the registered general nurses were the worst at that (53.7%). Overall knowledge of health care professionals on snakebite management was below average [10.60±5.62/22 (48.2%)] but previous in-service training and involvement in the management of snakebite were associated with better knowledge. Respondents who had no previous training overestimated their knowledge level compared to those who had some post-qualification training on snakebite management (38.1% vs 7.5%). The greatest knowledge deficit of respondents was on the management of ASV associated adverse reactions. Conclusion Health workers in rural Ghana overestimated their knowledge about snakebite management although their knowledge was low. Training schools, therefore, need to incorporate snakebite management in their curriculum and health authorities should also expose health workers to more in-service training on this neglected tropical disease.

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This paper presents, discusses and evaluates parallel implementations of a set of algorithms designed for optimization tasks: Estimation of Bayesian Network Algorithms (EBNAs). These algorithms belong to the family of Evolutionary Computation. Two different APIs have been combined: message passing and threads, with the aim of obtaining good performance levels in a wide range of parallel machines. Our approach has been to analyze the most computationally intensive sections of sequential implementations of EBNAs, and then to parallelize those sections using a master-worker design pattern. This way the resulting program exhibits exactly the same behavior of the sequential one, but runs faster. To evaluate our proposal, we have chosen a complex scenario where EBNAs can be applied: Feature Subset Selection (FSS) for supervised classification problems. For the experiments, three computing systems have been tested: two different clusters built from commodity components, and an 8-way multiprocessor. Programs have been executed on the target machines using different combination of message-passing processes and threads. Achieved performance is excellent, with efficiency around 1. These encouraging results do widen the spectrum of problems (and problem sizes) that can be solved, in reasonable times, with EBNAs.

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The advantages of freeze substitution fixation over conventional chemical fixation for preservation of ultrastructural details in fungi have been discussed by various authors. As most ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes do not fix well using conventional chemical fixation protocols, freeze substitution has attracted the attention of many individuals interested in fungal ultrastructure. Thus far most workers using this technique on fungi have concentrated on thin walled somatic hyphae. However, in our laboratory we have experimented with the use of freeze substitution on a variety of fungal reproductive structures and spores with promising results.Here we present data on freeze substituted samples of sporangia of the zygomycete Umbellopsis vinacea, basidia of Exobasidium camelliae var. gracilis, developing teliospores of the smut Sporisorium sorghi, germinating teliospores of the rust Gymnosporangium clavipes, germinating conidia of the deuteromycete Cercosporidium personatum, and developing ascospores of Ascodesmis nigricans.Spores of G. clavipes and C. personatum were deposited on moist pieces of sterile dialysis membrane where they hydrated and germinated. Asci of A. nigricans developed on pieces of dialysis membrane lying on nutrient agar plates. U. vinacea was cultured on small pieces of agar-coated wire. In the plant pathogens E. camelliae var. gracilis and S. sorghi, a razor blade was used to remove smal1 pieces of infected host issue. All samples were plunged directly into liquid propane and processed for study according to Hoch.l Samples on dialysis membrane were flat embedded. Serial thin sections were cut using a diamond knife, collected on slot grids, and allowed to dry down onto Formvar coated aluminum racks. Sections were post stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

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This article examines joint action initiatives among small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing industries in developing countries in the context of the ascendancy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the proliferation of a variety of international accountability tools and standards. Through empirical fieldwork in the football manufacturing industry of Jalandhar in North India, the article documents how local cluster-based SMEs stay coupled with the global CSR agenda through joint CSR initiatives focusing on child labor. Probing further, however, also reveals patterns of selective decoupling in relation to core humanitarian and labor rights issues. Through in-depth interviews with a wide range of stakeholders involved in the export-oriented football manufacturing industry of Jalandhar in North India, the article highlights the dynamics of coupling and decoupling taking place, and how developing country firms can gain credit and traction by focusing on high visibility CSR issues, although the plight of workers remains fundamentally unchanged. The authors revisit these findings in the discussion and concluding sections, highlighting the main research and policy implications of the analysis.

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Introduction. Working conditions at mining enterprises, including iron ore mining, combined with the climatic conditions of the Arctic, create an increased risk of occupational diseases (OD) among miners. The aim of the study was to investigate the risks, circ*mstances of the development, structure, and prevalence of OD in miners engaged in the extraction of iron ore in the Kola Polar Region. Material and methods. The data of social and hygienic monitoring in the section “Working conditions and occupational morbidity” of the population of the Murmansk region in 2007-2017 were studied. Results. The development of the OD in this category of miners was established to be mainly associated with the whole-body vibration (42.5%) and the severity of labor (33.2%) due to the imperfection of workplaces (66.4%). In the structure of the OD, the largest share belongs to injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes (46.9%), while diseases of the musculoskeletal system occupy the second place (27.0%). The most common nosological form of OD was vibration disease (38.5%). The annual number of workers diagnosed with OD varied over a wide range from 3 to 29 people. In 2007-2015, there was a tendency towards an increase in occupational morbidity rates, and in 2016-2017, there was a sharp decrease to 7.39 cases per 10,000 workers, which cannot be explained by improved working conditions and health promoting activities. Conclusion. To preserve the health of miners engaged in the extraction of iron ore in the Kola Arctic, it is necessary, first of all, to reduce the levels of whole-body vibration and severity of labor processes in combination with the introduction of medical methods to increase the body’s resistance to harmful industrial and climatic factors.

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The article presents a brief review of foreign theoretical concepts, empirical data and methodological approaches to the problem of high risk driving. There were defined and described the factors of dangerous driving: factors of external environment and internal factors, including age, fatigue, use of medications, alcohol and drugs, personal styles, impaired sensory analyzers, neurological and cognitive disorders, emotional states, styles of responding to stress. Emphasizes the role of reduction of cognitive functioning, acquired brain injury, persistent or progressive neurological diseases, and acquired somatic disorders. The outline of its main models of driving: motivational, models of information processing, hierarchical management model. A separate section of the article focuses on cognitive factors, describes a wide spectrum of disorders of cognitive functions that may potentially impair driving safety. The theoretical and methodological grounds and empirical studies of cognitive functioning are described. Discuss prospects and limitations in studies of cognitive functioning, the predictive value of some tests, including neuropsychological. The conclusion made about the need for standardization and validation the Protocol of assessment drivers and candidates for drivers, also the necessity of the introduction of a common approach for all medical workers and specialists of nonmedical profile, in order to overcome the existing differences in estimates in the implementation of medical examination, expert activity and enforcement.

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Eucalyptus is a genus that occurs in a range of habitats in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Timor, Sulawesi and the Philippines, with several species being used as sources of timber and fibre. However, despite its ecological and commercial significance, understanding its evolutionary history remains a challenge. The focus of the present study is the green ashes (subgenus Eucalyptus section Eucalyptus). Although previous studies, based primarily on morphology, suggest that the green ashes form a monophyletic group, there has been disagreement concerning the divergence of taxa. The present study aims to estimate the phylogeny of the green ashes and closely related eucalypts (37 taxa from over 50 locations in south-eastern Australia), using genome-wide analyses based on Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT). Results of analyses were similar in topology and consistent with previous phylogenies based on sequence data. Many of the relationships supported those proposed by earlier workers. However, other relationships, particularly of taxa within the Sydney region and Blue Mountains, were not consistent with previous classifications. These findings raise important questions concerning how we define species and discern relationships in Eucalyptus and may have implications for other plant species, particularly those with a complex evolutionary history where hybridisation and recombination have occurred.

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We examined the intention and predictors of accepting the COVID-19 vaccine in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a nation-wide, cross-sectional online survey between February and March 2021. A total of 1387 people (≥18 years) participated. Only 27.3% adults had a definite and 30.2% had a probable vaccination intent; 26.8% and 15.6% had a probable and definite negative vaccination intent. Older people (≥50 years) (p < 0.01), healthcare workers/professionals (p < 0.001), and those who received flu vaccine (p < 0.001) were more likely to have a positive intent. People from Riyadh were less likely to receive the vaccine (p < 0.05). Among the health belief model constructs, perceived susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19 (p < 0.001), and perceived benefit of the vaccine (p < 0.001) were positively associated with vaccination intent, whereas perceived barriers had a negative association (p < 0.001). Individuals were more likely to receive the vaccine after obtaining complete information (p < 0.001) and when the vaccine uptake would be more common amongst the public (p < 0.001).

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The Federal Government of Nigeria in 2005 amended some sections of the Trade Union Act referred to as “The Principal Act” 1996 to form the new Trade Union (Amendment) Act 2005. The main objective of the new Act was the entrenchment of democracy in Nigeria public service by giving workers the freedom to choose which union to belong and opportunity to form more central union organizations, thereby encouraging industrial democracy. It is on this note that this study examined the political underlying motive in enacting the new Act in relation to industrial democracy in Nigeria Public Service, the weaknesses and strength of the Act were examined. The study relied on the secondary method of data collection. The study concluded that the enactment of the Trade Union (Amendment) Act 2005 was politically motivated to give the government the much-needed space to implement certain policies and decisions that are comfortable for the government. The study then recommended that the governmentshould embark on nation-wide consultation with stakeholders to develop valid amendments in Trade Union Acts for the betterment of all and not for the exploitation of the masses. Keywords: Trade Union Amendment Act, industrial democracy and Public service.

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A retired professor of chemistry with his nephropathy that led him to attend a pre-dialysis clinic writes to his doctor, in a cross-section of Italian life from the post-war period to today, some truly wise and important concepts: – in every field, for the existence of a good functioning of the whole supply chain, order, identity of views and wisdom are needed – the true professional, even if he knows about medicine, should not give a patient a medicine or recommend a therapy only because a “machine” told him that a parameter of his analysis is altered, but he must speak with the patients, knowing their medical history well, to know more about them, such as the life they live, the profession they exercise, the culture, the family in which they live, all things that contribute to make the weak point of the disease more evident – the most important gift that a teacher must possess, but above all a doctor and a health worker, is to be able to inspire confidence as it is ultimately the thing that helps and that leads to hope for the future. (narrative nephrology)

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The Object of the Study. Socioeconomic processes and phenomena characterized as an unsustainable employment and reflected in the collective monograph published in Rossiya among the first as well as its main provisions, conclusions and recommendations. The Subject of the Study is expressed by the combination of socioeconomic relations between market-based economic entities regarding the widespread development in recent years in the world, including the Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, the precarious employment of the population and the consequences of this process. The Purpose of the Study is to attract the notice of a wide range of management personnel of both state authorities and economic bodies, as well as employers, legislators, scientists, etc., to the problem of unsustainable employment, the need of its effectively solve, especially in conditions of intensification of transformation of the domestic economy. The Main Provisions of the Article cover all six sections, including 30 paragraphs of the monograph studied, authored by 41 specialist-scientists, professionally engaged in the designated research area. The author, on the basis of the actual content of the book, has tried to present all the aspects, to convey the variety of shades of the process of unsustainable employment reflected in the monographic research. It applies both the domestic experience and international practice. The problems of the unsustainable employment are revealed compared to decent work. Their dependence on the scientific and technological progress is considered. The domestic and foreign experience of the personnel reduction is summarized on the example of a flexible employment. Risks of unsustainable employment are identified and directions of their prevention are formulated. The characteristics of precarious employment of different groups of workers - women, pensioners and others working in similar conditions of specific industries - are characterized as well as the legal coverage of unsustainable workers is analyzed, and special attention is paid to external migrants and functioning numerous institutions in the investigated economy sectors.

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The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV, Family Reoviridae) is an entomopathogen with a very wide host range, affecting mainly lepidopterous insects. The virus often causes chronic infections in insects, infecting mainly the midgut epithelium. Detailed studies of the effects of CPV on silkworm, Bombyx mori, have been done by Japanese workers , but there is very little information on the histopathology of CPV on other insects.In this study, 5-day old corn earworm (H. zea) larvae were infected per os with CPV. Control larvae were fed sterile water. The midgut was dissected out at 20, 48 and 72h post-treatment for both SEM and TEM studies. In the SEM study the midgut was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer at pH 7.2, postfixed in buffered 2% osmium tetroxide at room temperature, dehydrated in ethanol, cryofractured in liquid nitrogen, critical-point dried, mounted, coated with gold-palladium and examined in a Hitachi HHS-2R scanning electron microscope at 20 kV. In the TEM study, the tissues were fixed in half-strength Karnovsky's fixative, postfixed in buffered cold 2% osmium tetroxide, en bloc stained in aqueous 0.5% uranyl acetate, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Spurr resin. Ultrathin sections were cut with glass knives, sequentially stained in aqueous uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed in a Zeiss 109 transmission electron microscope at 50 kV or a Siemens 101 at 80 kV.

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Much effort has been focused on sanitation of fresh produce at the commercial level; however, few options are available to the consumer. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of different cleaning methods in reducing bacterial contamination on fresh produce in a home setting. Lettuce, broccoli, apples, and tomatoes were inoculated with Listeria innocua and then subjected to combinations of the following cleaning procedures: (i) soak for 2 min in tap water, Veggie Wash solution, 5% vinegar solution, or 13% lemon solution and (ii) rinse under running tap water, rinse and rub under running tap water, brush under running tap water, or wipe with wet/dry paper towel. Presoaking in water before rinsing significantly reduced bacteria in apples, tomatoes, and lettuce, but not in broccoli. Wiping apples and tomatoes with wet or dry paper towel showed lower bacterial reductions compared with soaking and rinsing procedures. Blossom ends of apples were more contaminated than the surface after soaking and rinsing; similar results were observed between flower section and stem of broccoli. Reductions of L. innocua in both tomatoes and apples (2.01 to 2.89 log CFU/g) were more than in lettuce and broccoli (1.41 to 1.88 log CFU/g) when subjected to same washing procedures. Reductions of surface contamination of lettuce after soaking in lemon or vinegar solutions were not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) from lettuce soaking in cold tap water. Therefore, educators and extension workers might consider it appropriate to instruct consumers to rub or brush fresh produce under cold running tap water before consumption.

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Background Chronic stress is increasing in prevalence and is associated with several physical and mental disorders. Although it is proven that acute stress changes physiology, much less is known about the relationship between physiology and long-term stress. Continuous measurement of vital signs in daily life and chronic stress detection algorithms could serve this purpose. For this, it is paramount to model the effects of chronic stress on human physiology and include other cofounders, such as demographics, enabling the enrichment of a population-wide approach with individual variations. Objective The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of chronic stress on heart rate (HR) over time while correcting for weekdays versus weekends and to test a possible modulation effect by gender and age in a healthy cohort. Methods Throughout 2016 and 2017, healthy employees of technology companies were asked to participate in a 5-day observation stress study. They were required to wear two wearables, of which one included an electrocardiogram sensor. The derived HR was averaged per hour and served as an output for a mixed design model including a trigonometric fit over time with four harmonics (periods of 24, 12, 8, and 6 hours), gender, age, whether it was a workday or weekend day, and a chronic stress score derived from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) as predictors. Results The study included 328 subjects, of which 142 were female and 186 were male participants, with a mean age of 38.9 (SD 10.2) years and a mean PSS score of 13.7 (SD 6.0). As main effects, gender (χ21=24.02, P<.001); the hour of the day (χ21=73.22, P<.001); the circadian harmonic (χ22=284.4, P<.001); and the harmonic over 12 hours (χ22=242.1, P<.001), over 8 hours (χ22=23.78, P<.001), and over 6 hours (χ22=82.96, P<.001) had a significant effect on HR. Two three-way interaction effects were found. The interaction of age, whether it was a workday or weekend day, and the circadian harmonic over time were significantly correlated with HR (χ22=7.13, P=.03), as well as the interaction of gender, PSS score, and the circadian harmonic over time (χ22=7.59, P=.02). Conclusions The results show a relationship between HR and the three-way interaction of chronic stress, gender, and the circadian harmonic. The modulation by gender might be related to evolution-based energy utilization strategies, as suggested in related literature studies. More research, including daily cortisol assessment, longer recordings, and a wider population, should be performed to confirm this interpretation. This would enable the development of more complete and personalized models of chronic stress.

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Scientific and technological progress has dramatically changed and continues to change a person’s life. In modern life, the role of mental labor is constantly increasing, and the physical one is decreasing. All this lead to the fact that knowledge workers in the course of their professional activities do not receive physical exertion in the required amount. Therefore, every year there is an increasing need to involve wide sections of the population in physical education for health promotion and prevention of various diseases. Despite the importance of the problem raised in the work, there are a number of unresolved issues related to the study of the impact of recreational training and their program for women of mature age (55-70 years). It is internationally recognized that physical education is the primary means of maintaining and promoting the health and prevention of various diseases (cardiovascular, osteoporosis, etc.) and bad habits. Currently, the search is relevant, as new forms of motor activity, and their availability for middle and older age groups of the population. Water aerobics is especially popular among various forms of fitness training. Their positive influence is due to the characteristic features of aqua aerobics only:- performing movements in a horizontal position, which facilitates the load;- unloading of the spine and improving posture;- hydromassage of the skin, which improves the vegetative functions, reflex stimulation of the heart, peripheral blood circulation;- a positive effect on the nervous system;- improving the function of the respiratory system;- tempering influence.

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Relevance. The northern territories occupy more than 2/3 of the area of Russia. The Far North are the most important source of mineral and energy resources. Extraction and processing of mineral resources, development of the Far North are extremely laborious and require the attraction of labor resources from other regions of the country. Adverse climatic conditions have a significant impact on the lives of workers and members of their families, and therefore there is a need to study the biomedical characteristics of the indigenous and alien populations of the Far North regions.Intention. To show the search algorithm for domestic scientific articles on biomedical problems of the population living in the Far North, and establish the structure of research areas in the array of publications.Methodology. The research object was an electronic resource of domestic journal articles of the Electronic Scientific Library [https://elibrary.ru/]. The search query included: 1) type of publication – articles in magazines; 2) the subject of the search – in the title of articles, abstracts and keywords; 3) search words – “north, Arctic”, connected by the OR operator, which allows you to find search words separately or together; 3) taking into account morphology – any grammatical forms of search words; 4) years of publication – from 2005 to 2018; 5) thematic section – 78.00.00 “Medicine” of the State Russian Scientific and Scientific Technical Section. The articles were studied in a routine way and their content correlated with a specific code of the created classifier. Morbidity was correlated with the chapters of the International Classification of Diseases and Behavioral Disorders of the 10th revision (ICD 10).Results and analysis. 4 956 responses to articles were found. The so called search noise was removed from the found array, which amounted to 27% in total. An array of 3618 domestic scientific journal articles indexed in the Russian Science Citation Index in 2005–2018 was created on biomedical problems in the population living in the regions of the Far North. With a very high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.91), the polynomial trend of the articles showed an increase in the publication activity of the authors. Most articles were devoted to the problems of adaptation of the population to the conditions of the Far North (27.9 %), etiology, treatment and rehabilitation of diseases (23.4 %), clinical laboratory diagnostics (13.7 %) and hygiene (11.4 %). In the array of articles, most common topics were medical and biological problems of the indigenous population of the Far North (16.3 %), children (13.6%), adolescents (8.7 %) and shift workers (6 %). In the structure of information on the morbidity of the population of the Far North of Russia, diseases of the circulatory system (Chapter IX according to ICD 10) ranked 1st, some infectious and parasitic diseases (Chapter I) ranked 2nd, mental and behavior disorders (V) ranked 3rd, diseases of the respiratory system (X) ranked 4th, diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders and metabolic disorders (IV) ranked 5th.Conclusion. The scientific electronic library offer wide opportunities for scientists to avoid deadlock or parallel scientific research. As of August 11, 2019, 72.9 % of articles in an array on biomedical problems among the population living in the Far North of Russia had full texts open remotely for free to the registered users.

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Abstract Alexander Dam is a hydraulic fill earth dam and the second-highest embankment dam in Hawaii, having been built in 1929–1932 on the south side of the Hawaiian island of Kauai to provide irrigation for McBryde Sugar Company Ltd. It was constructed across Wahiawa Stream mauka (Hawaiian for “stream that comes from the mountains,” literally “toward the mountains”), upstream of Kalaheo, to store 800 million gallons (5 million m3) of water to irrigate sugarcane fields. The embankment dam was intended to have a maximum height of 125 ft (38 m), a crest length of 620 ft (189 m), and a maximum base thickness of 640 ft (195 m). The total design volume was 580,000 yd3 (443,120 m3) and consisted of hydraulic fill sluiced to the dam site and supporting shell material. On March 23, 1930, a 60-ft- (18.3-m) wide section of the core pool suddenly dropped ∼30 ft (9.1 m) and moved downstream, rapidly draining the core pool and enlarging the mass. The embankment was at a height of 95 ft (29 m) and 78 percent complete when the failure occurred. The failure occurred so quickly that it killed six workers and injured two others on the downstream face. The volume of slide debris was ∼275,000 yd3 (210,100 m3). Thirty feet (9.1 m) of the embankment's core stood near vertical after the failure, leading engineers to believe that the materials making up the downstream shell had consolidated sufficiently to inhibit internal drainage. The embankment was rebuilt by emplacing a 40-ft- (12.2-m) high rock buttress across the downstream toe, widening the downstream shell, and installing tile drains to facilitate internal drainage. The retrofitted structure was completed in December 1932 and remains in service some 85 years later.

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A small, but significant fraction of wells drilled in the Northern Carnarvon Basin have encountered problems with overpressure: better pore pressure prediction would improve safety and economy for drilling operations. In the Northern Carnarvon Basin the occurrence of overpressure and likely mechanisms are under investigation as part of the Australian Petroleum Cooperative Research Centre (APCRC) Research Program on Pore Pressure Prediction. Previous workers have proposed a number of mechanisms as the main cause of overpressure including undercompaction, hydrocarbon generation, horizontal stress and clay reactions.A preliminary regional study was undertaken incorporating over 400 well completion reports which identified approximately 60 wells with mud weights greater than 1.25 S.G. A subset of these wells was investigated and more reliable but much scarcer pressure indicators such as kicks or direct pressure measurements were examined. Depth-pressure profiles of wells across the region are variable and commonly show pressure compartmentalisation. Using a range of indicators, it was observed that overpressured strata in the Barrow Subbasin:occur over a wide depth range (2,500 to 4,000+ mbsl);occur over a wide stratigraphic range (Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous);are not regionally limited by major structural boundaries;are associated with sequences dominated by finegrained sediments with variable clay mineralogy; and in depositionally, or structurally, isolated sandstones; andmainly to the west of the Barrow and Dampier Subbasins around the Alpha Arch and Rankin Trend, coinciding with thickest Tertiary deposition.Previous published work in the study area has tended to support hydrocarbon generation as the primary cause of overpressure, though more recent publications have emphasised compaction disequilibrium. The log response (DT, RHOB and NPHI) of overpressured clay-rich strata has been investigated to constrain the type of overpressure mechanism. A normal compaction trend has been derived for four stratigraphic groupings; Muderong Shale, Barrow Group, Jurassic and Triassic. All overpressure occurrences were accompanied by an increase in sonic transit time. Not all wells have suitable log data for evaluation, but all stratigraphic groups show some evidence of elevated porosity associated with overpressure consistent with disequillibrium compaction as a dominant mechanism. Overpressures in the Barrow Group in Minden-1 and the Jurassic section within Zeepaard–1 do not have accompanying porosity anomalies suggesting a different overpressure mechanism model is needed.

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This study explores the rural labour market in Assam. The Work Participation Rates (WPR) for males has increased during the period 1993-94 to 2009-10, whereas the same for females has been fluctuating around a lower level of 15 to 20 per cent. Thus, unemployment rates for females have been higher than males. A sector-wise distribution of workers shows that the proportion of males employed in the farm sector has been declining in favour of the Non-Farm Sector (NFS), while the females are more concentrated in the farm sector. Thus, females stand in a more disadvantageous situation in the rural labour market as indicated by their low WPR, higher unemployment rates and low level of diversification into NFS. However, gender equality is necessary for growth. This is more so with regard to education and employment. India has introduced the concept of inclusive growth in the Eleventh Five Year Plan. Inclusive growth ensures opportunities for all sections of the population, with a special emphasis on the poor, particularly women and young people, who are most likely to be marginalised. A rapidly growing population in India has not only increased the size of the rural labour force but has also led to fragmentation of land holdings. Thus, this sector alone cannot create additional employment opportunities, even in high growth agriculture states of India. This has led to the growth of a vibrant non-farm sector. The study comes up with the suggestion that the NFS, with its greater potential of employment generation, can not only solve the unemployment problem, but can also lead to the increased access of women to resources and employment opportunities.

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BACKGROUND: Determining the healthcare professionals’ perceptions and attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic will contribute to managing and struggling their efforts against COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the perceptions and attitudes of healthcare professionals who are at the forefront in the fight against this pandemic. METHODS: In the study, the survey technique used as the data collection method and 216 participants agreed to participate. The questionnaire consisted of three sections. Reliability analysis and descriptive statistical methods used to analyze the data obtained using the SPSS package program. RESULTS: According to the study results, 80.4%of the participants perceive the probability of being infected with the COVID-19 to be very high, and 64%of them consider that the conditions are very favorable for them to be infected. More than half of them are afraid of being infected and believe that if they contract COVID-19, adverse effects may continue for a long time. Furthermore, almost all participants (96.20%) consider personal protective equipment beneficial and will protect them from the COVID-19 as a wise preventive measure. However, 82.30%of the participants stated that using personal protective equipment is uncomfortable, and 76.60%said it is challenging to take care of patients while using personal protective equipment. CONCLUSIONS: The current study results show that healthcare professionals are aware of how serious COVID-19 is, understand the importance of protective equipment in protection from COVID-19, and are seriously afraid of COVID-19. Given that the fears of healthcare professionals may have adverse effects on them, it is recommended that healthcare administrators take measures to comfort healthcare workers and ensure that they maintain their positive attitude towards COVID-19.

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Objective – To examine the human resources environment in Canadian libraries in order to assess readiness to accommodate change and to identify opportunities for human resources planning. The “8Rs” of the study were defined as recruitment, retirement, retention, remuneration, repatriation, rejuvenation, re-accreditation, and restructuring. Design – This study was undertaken in three phases over nearly three years through the use a variety of methods including literature review, analyses of existing data (Statistics Canada and library school graduate data), telephone interviews (with senior library administrators), focus groups (with representatives from Canadian Association of Research Libraries, Canadian Urban Libraries Council and Alberta Association of Library Technicians), print surveys (library institutions) and web-based surveys (of professional librarians and paraprofessional library staff). Setting – Canadian libraries that are not component branches of a system, and that employ professional librarians. Subjects – Stage I: 17 senior library administrators participated in telephone interviews and three focus groups were conducted. Stage II: Surveyed library administrators representing institutions. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure geographical representation from each of Canada’s provinces and territories. Full census participation was conducted for members of the Canadian Association of Research Libraries and the Canadian Urban Libraries Council. The print survey instrument was distributed to 1,357 subjects; 461 completed surveys were returned (response rate of 34% with results for the total sample accurate within plus or minus 3.8 per centage points, 95 times out of 100). Stage III: Surveyed professional librarians and paraprofessional staff. Multi-stage random sampling was used to ensure representation of library staff from all library sectors and sufficient sub-sample sizes. Of the 12,472 individuals in the sampling frame, 8,626 were notified of their selection to participate in the web-based survey. Corrections were made to e-mail addresses and 7,569 e-mail invitations with the survey URL were sent successfully. Of the 8,626 potential respondents, 3,148 librarians and paraprofessionals participated (for a response rate of 37%). A non-random Canada-wide call for participation was distributed to library staff who had not been represented in the sampling frame via the listservs of 56 library associations. This provided an additional 1,545 respondents and the total sample size increased to 4,693 for a confidence interval of plus or minus 1.2%, 95 times out of 100. The non-random data from the Canada-wide call was kept in a separate dataset file. Methods – Stage I began with a literature review and analysis of existing Statistics Canada and library school graduate data. Three focus group sessions with representatives from Canadian Association of Research Libraries, Canadian Urban Libraries Council and Alberta Association of Library Technicians were held and in-depth telephone interviews were conducted in May 2003 with 17 senior library administrators. Transcripts were thematically coded and summarised. The interview guide is available as Appendix E of the report. The results of Stage I were used to inform the design of the two survey instruments (Stages II and III). Stage II was a 17-page print survey informed by insights gathered in Stage I and was sent to library directors in the summer of 2003. The print mail-out of the institutional survey was sent to libraries that employed at least one librarian and were not a component branch of another system. A copy of the institutional survey is available as Appendix C of the report. Stage III was a web-based survey of librarians and paraprofessional library staff undertaken in the summer of 2004 using random and non-random sampling methods. This survey was developed from insights gathered in Stages I and II. A copy of the individual survey is available as Appendix D of the report. Main results – The analytical focus of the 275-page report is on the broad Canadian library sector. Data and analysis are provided by type of library, type of staff, and by geographical regions where sufficient response rates have allowed reporting. Although the role of the paraprofessional is examined in many sections of the report, the principal focus is on the professional librarian. Nine sections of the report present results, analysis and strategic human resource planning implications. Highlights for the broad Canadian library environment are briefly described below. Each section of the report provides further breakdown by library sector, type of position, career stage and other variables that provide significant insight. Workplace Demographic Characteristics (Section C) This section provides demographic information about those in supervisory or management roles (62% of librarians), union density (67% of librarians and 79% of paraprofessional staff), longevity in career, part-time employment, and gender, along with other characteristics. Results conclude that visible minorities and Aboriginal staff are under-represented across all types of libraries and that few libraries recognise the credentials of immigrant librarians. Recruitment to the Profession and to the Organization (Section D) Positive exposure to libraries and librarians is the best predictor of librarianship as a career choice and there were no significant differences in the original motivations for choosing the professional librarian career between new professionals and senior librarians. In response to the open-ended question about motivation for choosing librarianship, none of the librarian respondents (n=1,823) indicated leadership, managing libraries or supervising others as their reason (p. 52). Many respondents indicated reasons for choosing the profession that are in alignment with the values of librarianship, but few indicated reasons that reflect the real nature of the librarians’ role. The average age of new librarian recruits is 37 (with little variation between sectors). Thirty per cent of paraprofessionals are interested in pursuing an MLIS degree; 29 per cent are not interested because they are satisfied with their current role. The major barriers for paraprofessionals wishing to pursue the MLIS degree are inadequate or unrecognised credentials (21% - although 45% of paraprofessionals have an undergraduate degree), geographic distance (33%), lack of money (48%), and lack of time (49%). Eighty per cent of libraries report that the major barrier to recruiting is budget constraints; other barriers include small size of library (60%), organizational hiring freeze (54%), inadequate librarian pay (54%), geographic location (52%), inadequate pool of qualified candidates (51%), and inadequate pool of interested candidates (50%). The ten most important and difficult-to-fill competencies when recruiting varied significantly for each sector: leadership potential, ability to respond flexibly to change, and ability to handle high-volume workload were the three highest-ranked competencies across all libraries. Retirement (Section E) Canadian libraries experienced librarian retirements (11% of total current workforce) and paraprofessional retirements (7% of total current workforce) between 1997 and 2002. During this period, 79 per cent of librarians retired before age 65. Forty per cent of librarians over age 50 estimate that they will retire between 55 and 60. Only 9 per cent of libraries have a succession plan. Staff Retention: Inter- and Intra-organizational Mobility (Section F) Librarians are satisfied with their work and stay in their organization because they like the job (85%), co-workers (84%), and workplace (79%). Seventy-seven per cent of senior librarians and 87% of senior paraprofessionals have been at their current library for more than 10 years. Sixty-nine per cent of librarians believe they are qualified to move to higher level positions, but 69% of institutions state that limited librarian turnover contributes to a lack of promotional opportunities. Education (Section G) Seventy-five per cent library administrators agree that MLIS programs equip graduates with needed competencies, but 58% recommended that the programs provide more management, business and leadership training. Seventy-six per cent of administrators believe that they have little or no input into curriculum content of MLIS programs. Overall evaluation of MLIS education by recent librarian entrants is not positive. Only forty-four per cent indicated that the program provided a realistic depiction of the job, while only 36% said the program provided a realistic expectation of work in their library sector. Recent librarian entrants (67%) were satisfied with the overall quality of their MLIS program, but few indicated that their program provided them with the necessary management skills (25%), leadership skills (20%), or business skills (12%) for their position. Recent library technician entrants were more satisfied (81%) with their programs’ success in providing general skills (87%), and providing a realistic depiction of the job (72%). Continuing Education (Section H) New librarians (72%) need a significant amount of ongoing training, but only 56% believe that their institution provides sufficient training opportunities. Only 30% of libraries have a routine method for determining training needs of librarians and fewer (13 %) have an evaluation method for training outcomes. In most cases, about half of those who received training reported that it improved their job performance. Quality of Work and Job Satisfaction (Section I) Librarians and paraprofessionals are satisfied with their jobs (79% for each) and librarians (72%) and paraprofessionals (61%) agree that their salary is fair. Most libraries offer a wide range of benefits to their employees, including life insurance (95%), pension plan (92%), and medical benefits (88%). Librarians (80%) and paraprofessionals (70%) are satisfied with their benefits. Although a low percentage of librarians agreed that they have little job stress (24%) and only 39% found their workload to be manageable, 62% of librarians agree that their work allows work, family and personal life balance. The statistics are slightly more positive for paraprofessionals. There is a gap between the desire to be treated with respect (98% for all workers) and the perception that respect is conveyed (77% of librarians and 75% of paraprofessionals). A similar gap exists between desire to be involved in decision-making and actual involvement. The two most important factors for job satisfaction for all library workers are respectful treatment and a job that allows them to learn new skills and grow. Numerical Librarian Demand-Supply Match (Section J) Libraries hired more librarians than they lost in 2002, for a net three per cent increase. Many library administrators believe that there will be a five-year increased demand for librarians (77%) and paraprofessionals (81%). The short-term supply (next 5 years) of new librarians to replace departures due to retirements is predicted to have the capacity to fill 98 per cent of the current librarian positions; the capacity to replace library technicians is 99 per cent. The long-term supply (next 10 years) of new librarians to replace departures due to retirements is predicted to have the capacity to fill 89 per cent of the current librarian positions; the capacity to fill technician positions is identical. These predictions are based on no growth in the number of positions in the future. Match Between Organizational Job Function Demand and Individual Staff Supply of Skills, Abilities, Talents, Interests (Section K) Libraries report that increased use of information technologies (87%) and re-engineering (61%) have contributed the greatest change in the roles of librarians. Libraries report that more librarians have been required to perform a wider variety of tasks in the past five years (93%) and that this trend will continue over the coming five years (94%). A high percentage of libraries (86%) reported that over the past five years librarians have been expected to perform more management functions and 56% of mid-career and senior librarians believed this had occurred. Libraries (88%) believe that this trend will continue; only 44% of librarians indicate interest in performing management functions. Mid-career and senior librarians report that job stress has increased over five years ago. Requirements to work harder (55%), perform more difficult tasks (56%), perform a wider variety of tasks (69%), and perform more managerial functions (56%) are the contributing factors. The performance of a wider variety of tasks and more difficult tasks was significantly related to the assessment by librarians that their jobs were more enjoyable, interesting, rewarding and challenging. Institutions (78%) reported the increased need for paraprofessionals to perform librarian tasks over the past five years and believe that this will continue (77%). Only 28% of paraprofessionals believe they are currently required to perform more librarian tasks. Conclusion – The need to confirm the existence and magnitude of the crisis that will be created by upcoming retirements in Canadian libraries was a primary motivator for this study. Conclusive results were obtained that should inform each sector and geographic area in Canada. The percentages of staff over the age of 55 (librarians: 25%; paraprofessionals: 21%) is much greater than that of the Canadian workforce (11%). If there is no growth in the number of positions needed, there will be no short-term supply-demand crisis to fill the gaps left by retirements. There will be a librarian and technician shortage in ten years (a shortfall of 11% of the current supply) and a more significant crisis if the predicted growth in staffing is factored in. Recruitment to the librarian and technician professions is critical and the paraprofessional staff may be a potential pool of future MLIS candidates if the accessibility issues associated with the programs are addressed. Only nine per cent of organizations have a succession plan in place. There is great opportunity for the development of strategic solutions. In response to the open-ended question about motivation for choosing librarianship, no respondent indicated leadership, managing libraries or supervising others as their reason. This is of concern when 62% of librarians today work in a managerial role. Management and leadership skills are a significant concern for recent graduates, administrators, and librarians, with all indicating that the workplace needs are greater than the current preparedness. More cooperation with MLIS programs and professional associations is essential to ensure that leadership and management skill development are supported through the curricula and continuing education planning. Organizations must also develop and support a culture where leadership is encouraged and expected, and recognised. There is a need for further development of continuing education opportunities, and training needs assessment and outcome assessment programs may be beneficial. Paraprofessionals and new librarians are less satisfied with the workplace training opportunities available to them than librarians in later stages of their careers. Role change will continue in libraries and planning will be essential to ensure that restructuring reflects the competencies that will be needed in the new mix. Workload and job stress appear to be rising and will require careful monitoring. There may be opportunity to define roles for “other” professionals in libraries. Library staff have a tendency to stay in their institution for much of their career, making decisions in the recruitment and hiring processes of critical importance. Loss of employees due to turnover is not a problem for most libraries, but the lack of turnover has affected the promotional opportunities for those who desire upward mobility. An interesting recommendation was made that two or more libraries may realise both cost savings and benefits through the sharing of staffing resources. If issues surrounding credentials can be addressed, there may be a potential pool of future immigrant librarians.

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Background: Substance use disorders are more common among people with mental illness than in the general population. It makes recovery from mental illness more difficult, leads to frequent thoughts of suicide and re-hospitalization. Objective: Aimed to assess the prevalence of substance use disorders and associated factors among adult psychiatric patients in Jimma Town, Southwest, Ethiopia, 2017. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 300 patients with mental illness using the case tracing method. Participants were interviewed using the alcohol use disorder identification test questionnaire to assess Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). fa*gerstrom test tool for nicotine dependence and structured questionnaires were utilized to assess the socio-demographic characteristics of participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The variable that showed association with AUD and nicotine dependence at P < .25 in the bivariate analysis was entered into multivariable logistic regressions to control confounders for both outcome variables independently. The significance of association was determined by P < .05 and strength was described using an adjusted odds ratio at a 95% confidence level. Results: The prevalence of alcohol use disorder and nicotine dependence was 14.3% and 23.3%, respectively. Female gender (AOR 0.15, 95% CI = 0.04-0.57), starting treatment within the first month of the onset of the illness (AOR 0.20, 95% CI = 0.05-0.82) and nicotine dependence(AOR 4.84, 95% CI = 1.85-12.67) associated with AUD. Additionally, being female (AOR 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01-0.25), joblessness (AOR 3.05, 95% CI = 1.30-7.16), absence of relapse of illness (AOR 0.18, 95% CI = 0.065-0.503), no improvement in illness (AOR 5.3, 95% CI = 1.70-16.50), and current khat use (AOR 3.09, 95% CI = 1.21-7.90) were associated with nicotine dependence. Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of substance use disorders among psychiatric patients in the community. Being female, experiencing a shorter duration of illness before initiating treatment, and nicotine-dependence were significantly associated with AUD. On the other hand, female sex and absence of relapse of illness were negatively associated with nicotine dependence whereas, joblessness, less improvement of illness, and khat chewing were positively associated with it. Therefore, services on substance use disorders have to be extended to the community level with wide-scale training for the town’s health care providers, including health extension workers who have direct contact with these individuals. Accordingly, comprehensive and suitable interventions were advised to be provided on factors contributing to substance use disorders in general.

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Purpose. This article introduces three samples of spearheads of long-shafted weapons from the collection of the Nizhny Novgorod State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia). Long-range weapons being of a certain scientific interest, the samples of spearheads considered are important as they have not been described yet. In the course of our research, we have analyzed the features of their design in order to clarify the origin and time of their creation. Results. Two spearheads from the collection of the Nizhny Novgorod State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve came from a private collection of A. O. Karelin (1837–1906), and the third one from the funds of the Museum of Lyskovo. Their origin in those collections is unknown; however, museum workers have managed to date them to the 17th century. All the spearheads considered are in a good condition, with barely noticeable spots of rust. Obviously, they have new shafts, two of which are broken. All spearheads were manufactured from iron; belong to the sleeved type according to the method of planting on the shaft and to the group of lenticular according to the cross-section of the pen. The pens of the spearheads are of two types – elongated rhombic and elongated triangular. The spearheads’ feathers are decorated with rows of holes along the edge and two curls (sprouts) below the shoulders. All the spearheads have another decorative element, a so called “apple” on the neck of the pen, which was not a mandatory element of this type of spearheads. The elongated rhombic pens belong to the spearheads from the collection of the museum in Lyskovo and Karelin’s collection (spearheads No. 1–2). The spearhead No. 1 (inventory number GOM 11943. IM 1512) has the total length of 28.4 cm; the blade is 11 cm long and 4.7 cm wide at most. The biggest diameter of the sleeves measures 3.8 cm with the length of 13.6 cm. The spearhead No. 2 (inventory number GOM 7274-13. OR 451) has the total length of 34 cm; the blade is 17 cm long and 5.4 cm wide at most. The biggest diameter of the sleeves measures 3.8 cm with the length of 12.4 cm. The elongated triangular pen is from Karelin’s collection. The spearhead No. 3 (inventory number GOM 7274-10.OR 382) has the total length of 37 cm; the blade is 28.5 cm long and 5.5 cm wide at most. The biggest diameter of the sleeves measures 3.8 cm with the length of 12.3 cm. Conclusion. Three previously unknown spearheads have been introduced into scientific circulation. The analysis of the design features of these weapons allowed us to date them to the 17th century. The spearheads are attributed to the type “rogatina”, which was widespread in the Russian state being massive and big. Such long-range weapons were known as “bear-spear” and initially were used for hunting large animals. Such items are widely found in the European part of Russia and in Siberia, where they were brought by Russian pioneers.

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The article reveals the nature of the transformations in the law enforcement system, in particular in water police, in Soviet Russia. On the basis of a wide range of previously unused archival sources, the process of organizational formation of the water police on the Volga in 1918–1921 is presented. The main feature of this process was constant reforming of this security system in order to find the optimal organization to protect waterways and river transport. The first Soviet head of the river police of Nizhny Novgorod P.I. Protasov took up his post in January 1918. In 1919, protection of waterways and public order on them was carried out by the internal security troops of Nizhny Novgorod sector by separate rifle brigades of the Paramilitary Guard Troops (VOKhR) of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the RSFSR. At the beginning of 1920, for the first time in our country, the system of All-Russian police on transport was formed. According to this reform, Nizhny Novgorod became part of Nizhny Novgorod section of the river police, which was part of Nizhny Novgorod District Administration of the Volga region. Distribution of protection areas on river transport was fixed in the document dated May 18, 1920. In accordance with it, security on the navigable waterways was assigned to VOKhR troops, to the water police and watchmen. The new status of the water militia and the expansion of its tasks were determined by the «Regulations on the Workers’ and Peasants ‘Militia», adopted on June 10, 1920. The next reorganization of the security system on the river transport of the Soviet Republic was carried out in November-December 1920. It was aimed at strengthening centralization and unity of command in this matter, elimination of disparate actions in the activities carried out by security structures. The article highlights the issue of personnel selection for the water police, taking into account the «class approach» in the formation of new authorities, including the police. Previously unknown facts about the personal composition of the water police leaders are given, and the further fate of some of them is traced. The article gives a fairly complete idea of the first years in the formation and activity of the water police in Nizhny Novgorod and the Volga basin.

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Introduction: The development of combinatorial chemistry has generated a wide variety of new concepts and much associated terminology. In addition, the nature of research in this area has brought together scientists from diverse backgrounds: statisticians may discuss their work with biologists and heterocyclic chemists; medicinal chemists are talking to engineers, analytical chemists, and polymer scientists. In recognition of the potential for confusion and lack of communication in this field, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) convened a working party (within the Division of Human Health, Medicinal Chemistry Section) to attempt to capture and define the terminology at the interface of these endeavours. The following Glossary is the result of their efforts. It is hoped that it will provide a resource for those new to the area encountering terms for the first time, and, perhaps, to increase the clarity of communication between more experienced workers in the field. The Glossary is not intended as a comprehensive review or encyclopaedia of combinatorial chemistry, although occasional attempts have been made to broaden the scope beyond a strict dictionary-type definition of terms by providing illustrative examples of some terms, and directing readers to literature sources where appropriate. These references have not necessarily been chosen to attribute credit for the discovery or invention of a term; rather they should provide the most pertinent information for the topic. Ideally this will be an article or review with the Glossary term as its central theme, in which proper accreditation for the seminal contributions to that area may be found. Because of the intrinsic interdisciplinary nature of this area of research, it has not been possible to provide a comprehensive coverage of each of the sub-fields, neither has this been the intent. Rather it has been attempted to identify those elements which are particularly pertinent to combinatorial chemistry. Thus, in the analytical sciences "magic angle spinning" gains an entry whereas "mass spectrometry" does not. The interested reader will readily be able to find more detailed treatments of these specialized areas. Trademarks have been included where, in the judgement of the authors, their use has become sufficiently widespread that they often do not receive appropriate citation; the implicit assumption being that the reader will understand what is meant. This criterion has been adopted over one of inclusiveness, which would rapidly become extreme in many areas. In a field which is developing as rapidly as combinatorial chemistry a document such as this Glossary may soon require revision. The authors welcome suggestions for new terms, clarifications, references, and other comments which will aid in the development of this resource.

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Abstract In the central High-Atlas (Morocco), within the region between Rich, Demnat and Béni Mellal, the lower Li-assic sedimentary sequence is traditionally subdivided into 3 superposed formations : the Idikel Formation, the Aberdouz Formation, and the Ouchbis Formation [Studer, 1980 ; Le Marrec and Jenny 1980]. Later work [Septfontaine, 1986 ; Jenny, 1988 ; Milhi, 1992] introduced 9 additional formations and 4 ≪ lithological units ≫ [Lachkar et al., 1998]. The resulting subdivision of the lower Liassic is only to some extent the natural expression of the successive opening of a marginal sea (central High-Atlas rift). It also includes close lithological similarities and major deviations from the original definitions. In this paper we propose a specification of the lithostratigraphic subdivision and discuss its application to resolve the successive stages of basin evolution. The area of study is located in the central and southern parts of the central High-Atlas trough where a relatively thick and continuous succession of Liassic carbonate sediments is exposed (up to 800 m). We focus on section Foum Zidet, located at the northern flank of the anticlinal ridge at Jbel Bou Hamid, 15 km west of the small town Rich. Additional information is obtained from section Foum Tillicht located along the center of the basin and from section Tunnel de la Légion which represents a marginal setting towards the southern platform area. Section Foum Zidet shows a clear subdivision into 7 lithological units. Unit 1 (150 m) is composed of well-bedded cycles of dolomites, dolomitic limestones and limestones. Unit 2 (120 m) consists of thickly-bedded fenestral limestones and dolomitic limestones (loferites) with some tepee structures towards the top. With an abrupt change follows unit 3 (80 m) which is a succession of bioclastic, argillaceous limestones rich in brachiopods, siliceous sponges, and crinoids. Near the top of unit 3 there are distinct brachiopod biostromes with rhynchonellids and terebratulids in life position. Unit 4 (40 m) is a succession of fine-grained, argillaceous limestones and thin marl intercalations. Unit 5 (110 m) corresponds to sponge mounds laterally interfingering with fine-grained, argillaceous limestones. Unit 6 (50 m) is a succession of well-bedded, fine-grained limestones and thin marl intercalations overlain by unit 7 (250 m by minimum) which is a rhythmic limestone-marl alternation. In the case of section Foum Zidet the application of the existing lithostratigraphic nomenclature is not hom*ogeneous from one worker to the other, particularly for what concerns the Idikel Formation and the Aberdouz Formation sensu Studer [1980]. To resolve this problem we argue for a redefinition of the Idikel Formation, for the introduction of the newly defined Foum Zidet Formation, and a specification of the Aberdouz Formation applying proximal-distal criteria. The redefined Idikel Formation comprises unit 1 and unit 2 and corresponds to the lower part of the original Idikel Formation of Studer [1980]. Its application refers to peritidalites with a lower member of evaporitic cycles (dolomites with some gypsum pseudomorphs ; arid conditions) and an upper member of loferites which formed under semi-arid conditions. The newly defined Foum Zidet Formation comprises units 3 to 5 and corresponds to the upper part of the original Idikel Formation sensu Studer [1980]. At its base there is a remarkable transgression leading to subtidal conditions associated with marine fauna migration. This trangressive event occurs on basin-wide scale locally expressed as an angular unconformity at the Lower Sinemurian to Upper Sinemurian boundary interval [du Dresnay, 1965]. The newly defined Foum Zidet Formation is subdivided into three members, units 3 : bioclastic limestones with biostromes, unit 4 : fine-grained argillaceous limestones, and unit 5 : sponge mounds. They represent fully marine and subtidal conditions under variable palaeoceanographic settings controlled by currents, sediment input, and oxygen minimum zone edge effects [Neuweiler et al., 2001]. The top of the Foum Zidet Formation is a palaeo-surface which developed upon submarine exposed sponge mounds and includes Fe-oxyhydroxide mineralisations in association with a dense population of benthic bivalves, serpulids, and brachiopods. At Foum Zidet, ammonites indicate the lower part of the Upper Sinemurian (Obtusum zone) for the top of the Foum Zidet Formation. Towards the south, at section Tunnel de la Légion the Foum Zidet Formation consists of oyster mounds and well-bedded limestones (proximal Foum Zidet Formation). The Foum Zidet Formation is overlain by the Aberdouz Formation (unit 6) representing the successive opening of the seaway from platform-derived biodetritic deposits to hemipelagic conditions recording Milankovitch cycles (unit 7=Ouchbis Formation). Laterally, towards the margin of the basin the fine-grained limestones of the Aberdouz Formation get successively intercalated with oobioclastic sheets fed by outer carbonate platform deposits (proximal Aberdouz Formation). We propose to specify the Aberdouz Formation applying such proximal-distal criteria in order to illustrate the influence of the shallow water carbonate platform and the involved depositional dynamics such as progradation and retrogradation. Within the central High Atlas basin the new lithostratigraphic scheme expresses the three major steps of Liassic basin evolution which occurred after peneplanation of the Triassic ≪ dry-rift ≫-phase [Mattis 1977 ; Warme, 1988]. An Hettangian (?) to Lower Sinemurian episode of a restricted to marginal-marine basin which tended to stagnant conditions under an arid and semi-arid climate (lower and upper Member of the Idikel Formation, respectively). With its peritidal origin the thickness variation of the Idikel Formation directly translates a differential subsidence episode. The highest total subsidence occurred near the center of the basin along the zone of Jbel Bou Hamid (270 meters), bounded by 140 meters of Idikel Formation at Foum Tillicht (shallow subtidal equivalent) and only about 15 meters at Tunnel de la Légion (supratidal equivalent). An essentially Upper Sinemurian episode of marine-eutrophic conditions which evolved after a tectonic enlargement of the basin (activation of the Tizi n’Firest fault zone) and marine organism immigration (transgression at the base of the Foum Zidet Formation). Benthic filter feeders such as sponges, brachiopods, and crinoids prevailed at subphotic depths whereas oyster mounds with a cryptic siliceous sponge fauna appear as their lateral equivalent within the photic zone (section Tunnel de la Légion). Along the Sinemurian to Pliensbachian boundary interval marine-oligotrophic conditions evolved leading to the establishment of a shallow water carbonate platform (Choucht Formation) shedding surplus material into the basin (Aberdouz Formation). Retrogradation of the Aberdouz Formation resulted in a successive replacement by hemipelagic conditions (Ouchbis Formation) and final platform drowning which occurred in the Upper Pliensbachian [Wilmsen et al., 2002].

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That murmur, soon replies, “God doth not need Either man’s work or his own gifts; who best Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed And post o’er Land and Ocean without rest: They also serve who only stand and wait.”1 1John Milton, Sonnet 19 The COVID-19 Pandemic has brought out most of the best (and some of the worst) in us. Much has been said, shared, even sung about health care workers as frontline heroes. Whether we indeed form the frontline, or man the last line of defense, due credit is being given to all “front-liners” – essential-service workers, drivers and delivery personnel, security guards, the military and police who literally serve in the trenches of this invisible war. Indeed, it is heartening to read the inspiring messages, hear the encouraging words, listen to the uplifting (sometimes funny) music and songs, witness the moving memes and cartoons, watch the refreshing dances and tributes, and receive the healing blessings and prayers on various media and social media platforms. Indeed, we are motivated to continue to work, so that others may safely stay home. Some of us have even been called upon to die, so that others may live. But so much less is and has been said about those who make our battle possible, who selflessly and silently took it upon themselves to clothe us with personal protective equipment, feed us, transport us, and even shelter us as we engage the unseen enemy. It is these heroes I wish to thank today. I certainly cannot thank them all, but I sincerely hope that those I do mention will represent the many others I cannot. Early on, my brother Elmer Lapeña and his Team Twilight group of “golfing enthusiasts and friends” (“company owners, executives, managers, engineers, technicians, entrepreneurs, and expats in the electronics, semiconductor, metalworking, automotive, aerospace, and packaging manufacturing industries”) responded to the call for better protection for frontliners with door-to-door deliveries of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to over 40 hospitals in the National Capitol Region, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna and Batangas including the Philippine General Hospital (PGH).2 On a personal note, Elmer and my sister-in-law Annette were closely monitoring our situation, going out of their way to obtain difficult-to-find PPEs for my wife Josie and myself, and our respective Departments of Family and Community Medicine (DFCM) and Otorhinolaryngology (ORL) at the PGH. For her part, our very dear friend Gigi Bautista Rapadas organized Project #HelpCovid19Warriors(HCW), to “go where the virus goes” and “help where help is needed and requested,” harnessing donations from ‘family, friends, and friends of friends” to procure PPE (as well as disinfectants, even canned goods) that were distributed “from Metro Manila to the provinces: Tuguegarao, Bataan, Bulacan, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Cavite,” moving from hospitals and health centers to correctional institutes.3 It is because of them that our PGH Department of ORL obtained very expensive but essential respirator hoods for added protection from aerosolized virus when conducting airway procedures, in addition to head-to-foot PPEs for use of the PGH DFCM in attending to PGH staff at the UP Health Service. Meanwhile, without fanfare, our dear friends Popot and Agnes (also my DLSU ’79 classmate) Lorenzana provided cooked meals for 1,000 persons daily. Working with on-the-ground social workers and with the 2KK Tulong sa Kapwa Kapatid Foundation, their Feeding Program “A thousand meals for poor communities” reached Payatas, Talayan, Pinyahan, Smokey Mountain, Maisan, Bagong Silang, Old Balara, Tatalon, Sta. Teresita, Sampaloc, and Sta. Ana, among more than 50 other communities. They generously responded to my wife’s request to provide meals for her community patients of the Canossa Health Center in Tondo. They have also provided meals for hospital staff of Amang Rodriguez Memorial Medical Center, the Medical City Hospital, Veterans Memorial Medical Center, Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital, Dr. Jose Rodriquez Memorial Hospital, Quezon City General Hospital, the San Lazaro Hospital, Valenzuela City Emergency and Lung Center of the Philippines. They continue this service which to date has provided for more than 32,000 meals, with corporate partners and private individuals joining the effort.4 Other De La Salle University (DLSU) College ‘79 batchmates who wish to remain anonymous obtained board approval of their endorsem*nt to channel all the social development funds of their Maritime Multipurpose Cooperative for the next 3 years to the Philippine General Hospital. Adding their personal funds (and those solicited by their daughter and nephew), they took on the daunting task of sourcing and proving Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) for our use. Another DLSU batchmate has been providing PPEs to various hospitals including PGH through their family corporation, Nobleland Ventures, Inc. Even their high school batch ’75 of Saint Jude Catholic School has donated boxes and boxes of PPEs to the PGH and other hospitals. Other DLSU ’79 classmates Bel and Bong Consing, and Timmy, Joy (and Tita Linda) Bautista have personally donated PPEs and funds for our COVID-19 operations, while classmate Fritz de Lange even sent over sweet mangoes for us to enjoy with our fellow frontliners. Generous donations also poured in from La Salle Green Hills (LSGH) High School ’76 friends Cris Ibarra, Norman Uy, Class 4E, and batchmates Tito and Pepper who wish to remain anonymous, as well as Menchit Borbon and her St. Theresa’s College Quezon City (STCQC) - Section 1 classmates. We even received overseas support from my LSGH 4B classmate Bingo Pantaleon from Yangon; my mom Libby, brother Bernie and Lilli, and friend Soyanto from Singapore, and sister Sabine from Germany. And how can we forget the regular frozen food deliveries of Jollibee chicken drumsticks and home-made Bulgogi and Tapa from our dear friends Ed and Aning Go? Perhaps the most touching gifts of all came from my eldest and youngest daughters Melay and Jica, who lovingly prepared and delivered much-appreciated meals to us, and middle child Ro-an, who with our son-in-law Reycay serenaded us with beautiful music that was appreciated by no less than Vice President Leni Robredo and featured by the Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra.5 Their musical fund-raising campaign started with another haunting piece featuring my sister Nina and brother-in-law Kiko.6 As if that was not enough, Ro-an bakes cookies to raise funds for our ongoing COVID-19 operations at PGH, while Melay and Jica keep asking us what we want to eat next. These three count among those who have least, yet “put in everything ” from what little they have.7 These are but a few examples of those known personally to me- my family and friends. And there are many more. In the same way, every other doctor and front liner will have their own stories to tell, of friends, family even mere acquaintances who have come out of the shadows to help, to care, to share in whatever way they can, in fighting this battle with us. Let this be their tribute as well. Those of us who serve in the Philippine General Hospital have been called People Giving Hope.8,9 I believe that we do give hope because others give us hope in turn. I like to think that the inscription in the PGH lobby “They Also Serve Who Care and Share” honors these others in a special way who go over and beyond the call of duty. With apologies to John Milton, our heroes go way over and beyond “they also serve who only stand and wait.”